Endnotes
1. I would like to acknowledge the generosity of Anita Jack, Russell Jack and the late Joan Jack of the Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo, Carol Holsworth, Volunteer Research Officer at the Golden Dragon Museum, David Lloyd, Librarian, Bendigo Health Care Group; the staff at Public Record Office Victoria and the staff at the State Library of Victoria, in allowing me access to their research facilities to prepare this article. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference on Quong Tart and his Times, held at the Powerhouse Museum, Sydney, 1-4 July 2004.
2. Inquest, A'Tung, 2 May 1856, PROV, VA 2889 Registrar General's Office, VPRS 24/P0, 1856/295.
3. ibid.
4. JW Cushman, 'A colonial casualty: The Chinese community in Australian historiography', ASAA Review, April 1984, pp. 100-113.
5. K Cronin, Colonial casualties: Chinese in early Victoria, Melbourne University Press, Singapore, 1982.
6. CY Choi, Chinese migration and settlement in Australia, Sydney University Press, Sydney, 1975.
7.  J Fitzgerald, Big white lie: Chinese Australians in White Australia, UNSW  Press, Sydney, 2007.
8. K Reeves, A hidden history: the Chinese on the Mount Alexander diggings, central Victoria 1851-1901. PhD thesis, University of Melbourne, 2005; A Rasmussen, 'Networks and negotiations: Bendigo's Chinese and the Easter Fair', Journal of Australian Colonial History, vol. 6, 2004, pp. 79-92.
9. P Grimshaw and C Fahey, 'Family and community in nineteenth-century Castlemaine', in P Grimshaw, C McConville & E McEwan (eds), Families in colonial Australia, Allen & Unwin, North Sydney, 1985, p. 104.
10. J Ryan, Ancestors: Chinese in colonial Australia, Fremantle Arts Centre Press, South Fremantle, 1995; C May, 'Topsawyers: The Chinese in Cairns 1870-1920', Studies in North Queensland History, no. 6, James Cook University, Townsville, 1984; S Yuanfang, Dragon seed in the Antipodes: Chinese Australian autobiographies, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 2001.
11. The name 'Bendigo' was used to describe the diggings along the Bendigo Creek until 18 January 1853 when Governor La Trobe named the township Sandhurst. In 1891 after a voter's poll, the name Bendigo was reinstated. (F Cusack, Bendigo: A history, Heinemann, Melbourne, pp. 67 & 188.)
12. See PROV, VA 2889 Registrar General's Office, VPRS 24/P0, Inquest Deposition Files.
13. Government of Victoria, Acts relating to and instructions for the guidance of coroners, Government Printer, Melbourne, March 1867.
14. S Cooke, 'A "dirty little secret"? The state, the press, and popular knowledge of suicide in Victoria, 1840s-1920s', Australian Historical Studies, no. 115, 2000, pp. 304-24.
15. Law Reform Commission of Victoria, 'Introduction of trial by jury into Australia', Appendix 9, in Background Paper No.1, The Role of the Jury in Criminal Trials, AGPS, November 1958, pp. 120-21.
16. PROV, VA 475 Chief Secretary's Department, VPRS 1189/P0, Inwards Registered Correspondence, Unit 474, 57/A4607.
17. 'Population on the goldfields', Statistics of Victoria 1861, Victorian Parliamentary Papers, 1862-1863, vol. 1.
18. G Serle, The golden age: a history of the colony of Victoria 1851-1861, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 1963, p. 331.
19. Reports to the Chief Commissioner of the Goldfields from Sandhurst Goldfields Resident Warden, 1853-1863, PROV, VPRS 1189/P0, Units 86-107; 451-537.
20. A O'Donohue & B Hanson, Where they lie: early burials on the Bendigo Goldfields 1852-1870, Maiden Gully, 1993; White Hills Cemetery Burial Register,1858-1880; Bendigo Cemetery Burial Register, 1858-1880. Microfilm. Goldfields Library Corporation, City of Greater Bendigo. Accessed at the Golden Dragon Museum Bendigo.
21. J Bomford, The Chinese on the Bendigo goldfields, Honours thesis, University of Melbourne, 1974, p. 22.
22. Between 1857 and 1862, of 34 inquests, 10 deceased were married, 8 were single, 1 was a widower and 15 were unstated.
23. L Pan, Sons of the yellow emperor: the story of the overseas Chinese, Secker & Warburg, London, 1990, pp. 43-57.
24. Of those who worked, there were 68 miners or puddlers, 4 storekeepers, 1 barber, 2 rag pickers and 1 beggar.
25. Bendigo Independent, 10 November 1869.
26. The breakdown of causes of death: natural causes (associated with disease or illness), 48 deaths; accidents, 39 deaths (31 mining accidents, 8 other accidents); suicide, 7 deaths; unknown causes, 3 deaths.
27. Inquests held in the Bendigo district, 1857. Digger Inquest Index. Accessed at PROV.
28.Resident Wardens Fortnightly Reports, Sandhurst Goldfields, PROV, VPRS 1189/P0, Unit 484, 57/D9186.
29. Inquests on miners in the Bendigo district, 1857. Digger Inquest Index. Accessed at PROV.
30. Bomford, The Chinese on the Bendigo goldfields, p. 22.
31. Inquest, Nam Quin, 20 September 1856, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1856/617.
32. ibid.
33. Inquest, Min Yok, 9 January 1861, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1861/12.
34. Report of the Royal Commission appointed to enquire into the best method of removing the sludge from the gold fields, Victorian Parliamentary Papers, 1859-1860, vol. 3, no. 7.
35. JA Panton, papers, nd., Australian manuscripts collection, State Library of Victoria, MS 7727.
36. Resident Wardens Fortnightly Reports, Sandhurst Goldfields, PROV, VPRS 1189/P0, Units 97-107; 451-537.
37. 'The Diggings', Bendigo Advertiser, 23 May 1855.
38. Inquest, Chang Yik Low, 10 March 1857, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1857/247.
39. E Clacy, A lady's visit to the gold diggings of Australia in 1852-53, Lansdowne Press, Melbourne, 1963, p. 56.
40. Inquest, Ah How, 13 November 1865, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1865/1031.
41. Inquest, A'Cock , 12 June 1857, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1857/407.
42. For example, J Gittins, The diggers from China: the story of the Chinese on the goldfields, Quartet Books, Melbourne, 1981, p. 22; Cronin, Colonial casualties, p. 19.
43. Inquest, A'Theam, 7 September 1855, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1855/447.
44. Inquest, A'Oun, 28 August 1856, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1856/528.
45. G Macpherson (ed), Black's medical dictionary, 39th edn, A & C Black, London,1999, p. 399; M Booth, Opium: a history, Pocket Books, London, 1997, pp. 88-90.
46. Inquest, Ah Choy, 6 March 1863, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1863/206.
47. ibid.
48. Inquest, He Lun, 26 September 1855, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1855/498.
49. Inquest, Ah Fee, 10 October 1864, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1864/803.
50. ibid.
51. Bendigo Advertiser, 25, 27, 30 March 1857, reports from Castlemaine and Ballarat.
52. Inquest, Un Fun Chaw, 30 June 1855, PROV,VPRS 24/P0, 1855/313.
53. 18 brothers, 12 cousins, 3 sons, 3 nephews, 1 father, 1 uncle, 1 wife, 1 unspecified relative.
54. R Skeldon, 'Migration from China', Journal of International Affairs, vol. 39, no. 2, winter, 1996, p. 434.
55. Inquest, Yan Lit, 29 July 1862, PROV,VPRS 24/P0, 1862/689.
56. Inquest, A'Liem, 17 July 1860, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1860/642.
57. Inquest, Sing Oy, 4 October 1865, PROV, VPRS24/P0, 1865/820.
58. ibid.
59. Inquest, Ah Choy, 6 March 1864, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1863/206.
60. Inquest, Tuk Sing, 9 August 1864, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1864/619.
61. ibid.
62. ibid.
63. ibid.
64. Hospital records show that a mere fifty-six Chinese were admitted to the Bendigo Hospital in the eight years from 1857 to 1865. Bendigo Gold District General Hospital Admissions Registers, Books 1 & 2, 1857-1866.
65. 'Rules of a Chinese society on Ballarat', in Rev W Young, Report on the condition of the Chinese population in Victoria, Victorian Parliamentary Papers, Government Printer, Melbourne, 1868.
66. AM Kraut, 'Healers and strangers: immigrant attitudes toward the physician in America - a relationship in historical perspective', Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 263, no. 13, 1990, pp. 1807-11.
67. Inquest, A'Theam.
68. 'A visit to the Chinese village', Bendigo Independent, 28 September 1875.
69. Inquest, A'Gee, 6 February 1857, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1857/145.
70. ibid.
71. Yi Dang, 'The theory and application of functional food in Chinese medicine', The way forward for Chinese medicine, K Chan & H Lee (eds), 2002, pp. 52-3.
72. Inquest, A'Theam.
73. Letter F Standish to Resident Warden Panton, 21 October 1857, PROV, VPRS 1189/P0, Unit 502, 57/A7469.
74. Letter W McCrea to Chief Secretary, PROV, VPRS 1189/P0, Unit 502, 58/51144.
75. Letter F Standish to Resident Warden Panton, PROV, VPRS 1189/P0, Unit 502/ 57/A7469.
76. Bendigo Gold District General Hospital, Admissions Registers, Books 1& 2, 1857-1866. Number of Chinese admissions per year: 1857-3, 1858-4, 1859-5, 1860-8, 1861-7, 1862-6, 1863-9, 1864-8, 1865-11.
77. An accident entitled a person to immediate admission, but those who were ill could be admitted only by a doctor, the police or on a subscriber's recommendation. See 'The Bendigo Hospital: Its rise and progress', Bendigo Independent, November 1865.
78. Bendigo Gold District General Hospital, Admissions Registers 1857-1906.
79. Letter F Standish to Resident Warden, Sandhurst District, 23 September 1856, PROV, VPRS1189/P0, Unit 462, 56/W8387.
80. I McLaren, The Chinese in Victoria: official reports and documents, Red Rooster Press, Melbourne, 1985, p. 19.
81. Chinese before Magistrates, Fortnightly Reports, Sandhurst Goldfields Resident Warden, PROV, VPRS 1189/P0, Units 469-484.
82. Inquest, Nun Pon, 8 March 1860, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1860/209.
83. Inquest, Ah Tat, 19 May 1863, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1863/460.
84. ibid.
85. Of 16 deaths in 1857, 9 post-mortems were performed. Of 16 deaths in 1863 and 1864, 13 post-mortems were performed.
86. Inquest, Hang Liu, 19 October 1858, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1858/898.
87. Inquest, A'Yut, 30 July 1855, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1855/379.
88. Inquest, A'Hong, 11 February 1856, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1856/106.
89. Inquest, Chong Hing, 20 October 1855, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1855/554.
90. Inquest, Wong Ling Tze, alias Ah Shong, 9 January 1863, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1863/36.
91. Inquest, Ah Sown, 3 August 1864, PROV, VPRS 24/P0, 1864/214.
92. ibid.
93. 'White Hills Cemetery Sandhurst - Rules and Regulations', Victoria Government Gazette , 1857, pp. 660-61; 'Back Creek Cemetery Sandhurst - Rules and Regulations', Victoria Government Gazette, 1858, p. 66.
94. An Act for the Establishment and Management of Cemeteries in the Colony of Victoria.17 Vic. no.12, 23 March 1854; White Hills Cemetery Burial Registers,1858-1880; Bendigo Cemetery Burial Registers 1858-1880.
95. 'Chinese funerals organised by Chinese societies or friends', Chinese memorials and memories. The White Hills Cemetery Bendigo, Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo, 2001, Appendix G, pp. 77-9.
96. Up to 1865, White Hills Cemetery (161), Junction/ White Hills Burial Ground (145) Back Creek/Bendigo Cemetery (20), Kangaroo Flat (3 but Book 1 lost). O'Donohue & Hanson, Where they lie; White Hills Cemetery Burial Register,1858-1880; Bendigo Cemetery Burial Register, 1858-1880. Microfilm. Goldfields Library Corporation, City of Greater Bendigo. Accessed at the Golden Dragon Museum Bendigo.
97. White Hills Burial Register 1858-1880.
98. C Holsworth, 'Exhumation records from the registers of the Bendigo Cemeteries'. Accessed at the Golden Dragon Museum Bendigo. White Hills Burial Register 1858-1880 records 31 exhumations in 335 burials between 1858 and 1880.
99. 'Funeral of Loy Ty', Argus, 7 September 1865, reprinted from the Ovens Advertiser.
100. 'Chinese funeral', Bendigo Advertiser, 2 March 1860.
101. F Simoons, Food in China: a cultural and historical inquiry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1991, p. 26.

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